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Application of gapped (EGLAs) or non-gapped (NGLAs) transmission line surge arresters (TLSAs) offers perhaps the best opportunity for power engineers to improve system reliability. However, as important as this may be, the value of using them transcends this one objective alone.
Protection against overvoltages using gapless zinc oxide surge arresters has been accepted and adopted worldwide. In particular, assets such as transformers, cables and gas-insulated substations are highly vulnerable to transient surges from lightning and switching.
Bushings are key components of HV substation equipment such as transformers and switchgear, allowing conductors to transfer energy from one insulating medium to another. Most typically, this is from an oil or SF6 insulation environment to air.
Not long ago, a HV cable termination operating in a Mediterranean country experienced catastrophic failure, sending high velocity porcelain shards in all directions.
How far from a transformer can arresters be located yet still ensure an adequate margin of protection? As explained by Jonathan Woodworth in this edited contribution to INMR, the answer is seldom simple.
There are some 200 to 300 million distribution transformers in service worldwide. Of that population, a few hundred thousand are likely protected in a fashion similar to what is shown below, taken from a single-phase distribution line in North Africa.